Lesson 20
14:13 And I heard a voice from heaven saying, “Write
this: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord henceforth.”
“Blessed indeed,” says the Spirit, “that they may rest from
their labors, for their deeds follow them!” 14 Then I
looked, and lo, a white cloud, and seated on the cloud one
like a son of man, with a golden crown on his head, and a
sharp sickle in his hand. 15 And another angel came out of
the temple, calling with a loud voice to him who sat upon
the cloud, “Put in your sickle, and reap, for the hour to
reap has come, for the harvest of the earth is fully ripe.”
16 So he who sat upon the cloud swung his sickle on the
earth, and the earth was reaped.
Verse 13 contains one of the seven beatitudes in this
book: “Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord
henceforth.”
The “henceforth” means that the blessedness will occur
after death for those who die in the Lord. The situation is
very different for those who die outside the Lord. In this
life and on this earth, Rome seemed blessed and the Lord’s
people seemed cursed — but what a difference after death!
Remember, things are not what they seem!
Verse 13 ends with a beautiful elaboration of that
blessing: “Blessed indeed,” says the Spirit, “that they may
rest from their labors, for their deeds follow them!”
Earlier we saw eternal restlessness; here we see eternal
rest. They will leave their labors behind, but not so with
their works. Their works will continue, both in eternity
and on earth as a testimony to their faithfulness. We
should all be toiling to leave behind that sort of legacy —
not of money or property, but of good works. “Therefore, my
beloved brethren, be ye stedfast, unmoveable, always
abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know
that your labour is not in vain in the Lord.” (1
Corinthians 15:58)
In verses 14-16, Jesus is pictured as riding on a white
cloud, wearing a crown of victory, and holding a sharp
sickle ready to reap the harvest. Except for its use in
Mark 4:29, the sickle is mentioned only in this chapter of
the New Testament, where it is mentioned seven times. These
verses remind us of Joel 3:13 ― “Put ye in the sickle, for
the harvest is ripe: come, get you down; for the press is
full, the vats overflow; for their wickedness is great.”
They also remind us of Jeremiah 51:33 ― “The daughter of
Babylon is like a threshingfloor, it is time to thresh her:
yet a little while, and the time of her harvest shall
come.”
We have seen many images of Christ in this book, but
this must be one of the most striking: Jesus wearing a
golden crown and carrying a sharp sickle. Those today who
believe that Jesus will save everyone (expect perhaps
Hitler) need to consider this image of Christ very
carefully.
A common symbol for judgment is the separation of wheat
and chaff, and separation is a recurring theme in this
book. The call to the church was the same then that it is
now: “Come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith
the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will
receive you.” (2 Corinthians 6:17) We need to separate
ourselves now, so that we will also stand separate on that
last great day when Jesus separates the sheep from the
goats. If we are no different than the goats today, then we
will likely end up numbered among the goats on that day as
well. The winepress of God’s wrath will eventually be
experienced by all who leave God out of their lives and
their thoughts.
17 And another angel came out of the temple in heaven,
and he too had a sharp sickle. 18 Then another angel came
out from the altar, the angel who has power over fire, and
he called with a loud voice to him who had the sharp
sickle, “Put in your sickle, and gather the clusters of the
vine of the earth, for its grapes are ripe.” 19 So the
angel swung his sickle on the earth and gathered the
vintage of the earth, and threw it into the great wine
press of the wrath of God; 20 and the wine press was
trodden outside the city, and blood flowed from the wine
press, as high as a horse’s bridle, for one thousand six
hundred stadia.
We see two angels — one angel who carries a sickle and
another angel who comes “out from the altar” and who “has
power over fire.” The first angel begins to “reap the
earth” when the second angel gives him the go-ahead.
The gathering of the vintage is a classic figure for
God’s judgment of the wicked. He tramples the wicked as one
tramples grapes.
Verse 20 tells us that the grapes are trodden “outside
the city.” Which city? Rome is the most likely candidate,
but some commentators argue that this city is the city of
God, the church. Isaiah 63:3-6 is a judgment against Edom
in which God is pictured as trodding the wine press
alone.
I have trodden the winepress alone; and of the people
there was none with me: for I will tread them in mine
anger, and trample them in my fury; and their blood shall
be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my
raiment. For the day of vengeance is in mine heart, and the
year of my redeemed is come. And I looked, and there was
none to help; and I wondered that there was none to uphold:
therefore mine own arm brought salvation unto me; and my
fury, it upheld me. And I will tread down the people in
mine anger, and make them drunk in my fury, and I will
bring down their strength to the earth.
A few verses earlier in Isaiah 62:12 we see a reference
to “the holy people, the redeemed of the LORD,” and we see
that they will be called “Sought out, A city not forsaken.”
What we see there seems to be a picture of God trodding the
wine press outside of the city alone. Perhaps, here, too,
we see God stepping alone outside of his own city to trod
the wicked in his wrath.
The vast amount of blood in verse 20 graphically depicts
the severity of the judgment. The blood flows in a river as
high as a horse’s bridle and 1600 stadia or furlongs long,
which is about 200 miles long. Its intent is to frighten,
and it does a very good job! This coming judgment will be
terrifying. As Egypt lost horse and rider in the Red Sea,
so will Rome be engulfed, but this latter sea of blood will
be much redder than the Red Sea!
Verse 20 causes a fair bit of trouble for the
literalists. A river of blood 200 miles long, a modest 100
feet wide, and 5 feet deep would contain about 4 billion
gallons of blood, which is enough blood to fill up over 3
billion people. Literal? Of course not. Terrifying?
Definitely.
Why 1600 stadia? Is there some symbolic significance in
that number? It is probably not a coincidence that 1600 is
the square of a very familiar Biblical number, 40. The
number 40 is often used to denote a period of trial or
tribulation, with the exodus being the prime example (Psalm
95:10). Thus, 1600 may simply indicate tremendous
tribulation, and the squaring may point back to our
previous discussion of the significance of the number 2 in
Chapter 13. Or 1600 may be the earthly number 4 squared
multiplied by 10 squared for completeness, thus depicting a
judgment against all who dwell on the earth (which is how
the wicked are described in this book). It is also possible
that the number was chosen simply to depict a great deal of
blood. To paraphrase Freud, perhaps in this oil painting
from God a brush stroke is sometimes just a brush
stroke.
Where are we at the end of Chapter 14? Before the seals
were opened we had a vision of Heaven assuring us that the
true throne was in Heaven and not in Rome. Before the
trumpets were sounded we were shown a period of silence in
Heaven and told that the coming judgment was occurring due
to a call for justice by the saints. Chapter 15 will show
us a third vision of Heaven and occurs before the bowls of
God’s wrath are poured out in Chapter 16. This book has a
beautiful structure!
Chapter Fifteen
1 Then I saw another portent in heaven, great and
wonderful, seven angels with seven plagues, which are the
last, for with them the wrath of God is ended.
So far, the judgments have been partial and have allowed
for repentance. The judgments of the seven bowls are total
and final, and repentance will soon no longer be an option
(although even here we will see glimpses of the
longsuffering nature of God extending an opportunity for
repentance).
Hailey: “If proclaiming the good news of redemption does
not cause men to fear before God, and if partial judgments
do not turn them from humanism and materialism to
repentance, then such an unregenerated society forfeits its
right to continue. A destruction by judgment is inevitable
and just.”
Verse 1 tells us that, with these final plagues, the
wrath of God is ended. What does that mean? It means that
this is God’s final word with respect to Rome, the great
enemy of God’s people on which this entire book has been
focused.
But it says the wrath of God is ended. Doesn’t that mean
we have finally reached the end of the world with this
verse? No, it doesn’t. First, remember the time frame of
the book — it contains things that were to shortly come to
pass. We are told that twice at the beginning of the book
and twice at the end.
Second, as before when we were tempted to leap ahead
thousands of years, we should pause first to consider
whether similar language was ever used in the Old Testament
to apply to an event of that time — and the answer is yes,
it has. In Ezekiel 7:2-3, with regard to a judgment against
Israel, we read:
Also, thou son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD unto the
land of Israel; An end, the end is come upon the four
corners of the land. Now is the end come upon thee, and I
will send mine anger upon thee, and will judge thee
according to thy ways, and will recompense upon thee all
thine abominations.
The judgment of Jerusalem described in Matthew 24:13-14
is another example: “But he that shall endure unto the end,
the same shall be saved. And this gospel of the kingdom
shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all
nations; and then shall the end come.” Was that end the end
of the world? No, because just a few verses later in
Matthew 24:34, Jesus said, “This generation shall not pass,
till all these things be fulfilled.” So the “end” in verse
14 was a first century event — the judgment of Jerusalem in
A.D. 70.
As with Israel in Ezekiel 7 and Jerusalem in Matthew 24,
there is a similar end with Rome in Revelation 15. In
short, God can use the word “end” in contexts apart from
the end of the world, and that is how the word is used
here. The Greek word teleo translated “end” here simply
means to carry out, accomplish, perform, or fulfill, and
that is exactly what is happening in this chapter with
regard to Rome.
2 And I saw what appeared to be a sea of glass mingled
with fire, and those who had conquered the beast and its
image and the number of its name, standing beside the sea
of glass with harps of God in their hands. 3 And they sing
the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the
Lamb, saying, “Great and wonderful are thy deeds, O Lord
God the Almighty! Just and true are thy ways, O King of the
ages! 4 Who shall not fear and glorify thy name, O Lord?
For thou alone art holy. All nations shall come and worship
thee, for thy judgments have been revealed.”
Swete says that these martyrs have come safely through
the sea of martyrdom to arrive at the shore of heaven. Some
translation of verse 2 indicate that those who conquered
the beast were standing “on” rather “beside” the sea of
glass. If so, then perhaps that small change indicates that
the saints have moved closer to the throne through their
suffering. Philippians 3:10 reminds us that we become like
Christ by sharing in his suffering.
This sea is mingled with fire. What does that mean? The
most common suggestions are that it refers either to the
fiery judgments that were about to fall on Rome or that it
refers to the fiery trials through which the Christians had
emerged victorious. I much prefer the second option based
on the context. The conquerers are standing on the sea,
which is showing by reflection the fiery trials they
endured. We are reminded of several verses:
• Zechariah 13:9 And I will bring the third part through
the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and
will try them as gold is tried: they shall call on my name,
and I will hear them: I will say, It is my people: and they
shall say, The LORD is my God.
• Malachi 3:2-3 But who may abide the day of his coming?
and who shall stand when he appeareth? for he is like a
refiner’s fire, and like fullers’ soap: And he shall sit as
a refiner and purifier of silver: and he shall purify the
sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they
may offer unto the LORD an offering in righteousness.
• 1 Corinthians 3:12-15 Now if any man build upon this
foundation gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay,
stubble; Every man’s work shall be made manifest: for the
day shall declare it, because it shall be revealed by fire;
and the fire shall try every man’s work of what sort it is.
If any man’s work abide which he hath built thereupon, he
shall receive a reward. If any man’s work shall be burned,
he shall suffer loss: but he himself shall be saved; yet so
as by fire.
Verse 2 also says that they held harps of God in their
hands. What are the harps of God? We looked at this issue
in our discussion of 5:8. Remember that what we are seeing
here are symbols. This language is figurative. In the same
verse where we see harps, we also see a sea of glass
mingled with fire and beast along with its image and the
number of its name. These harps are symbols for praise,
just as elsewhere incense is used as a symbol for prayer.
We saw a similar symbol in 14:2 ― “the voice I heard was
like the sound of harpers playing on their harps.” And that
verse is very instructive — perhaps the harps of God
symbolize the harps that he created when he created the
human voices that sing his praises.
And for those who think they can worship God by using
their human hands to play a harp that was made with human
hands, perhaps they should consider Acts 17:25 ― “Neither
is [God] worshipped with men’s hands, as though he needed
any thing, seeing he giveth to all life, and breath, and
all things.” We should worship God with the harps that he
made — our voices.
Who are those that conquered the beast? They are the
Christians (both living and dead) who endured and remained
faithful to God despite the persecution, the temptations,
and the trials. What incredible examples that have left for
us to follow! Whenever we think we have it bad or are
facing some persecution or trial, we should look back to
their example and consider what they endured. As Hebrews
12:4 reminds most if not all of us today, we “have not yet
resisted unto blood, striving against sin.”
In verse 3, they sing the song of Moses and the song of
the Lamb. The song of Moses in Exodus 15 celebrated a great
victory of God over Egypt, the great enemy of God’s people.
Here the song celebrates another great victory over another
great enemy, Rome. The song of the Lamb celebrates the same
victory because it is only through the Lamb that such a
victory was possible. That both songs are sung confirms our
view that the woman in Chapter 12 represents the faithful
remnant under both covenants who are united in Christ as
one redeemed people.
We have seen many comparisons in this book with the
events of the Exodus, and here we see yet another with the
song of Moses. But there is a key difference between the
two events: The deliverance from Egypt was a physical
deliverance while the deliverance from Rome was a spiritual
deliverance. Hebrews 3 likewise tells us that Jesus “was
counted worthy of more glory than Moses, inasmuch as he who
hath builded the house hath more honour than the house.”
Moses could do nothing for a dead Israelite, yet in
Revelation we read that in the Lamb the dead are
blessed.
The singers give no glory to themselves. Instead they
sing, “Great and wonderful are thy deeds, O Lord God the
Almighty! Just and true are thy ways, O King of the ages!
Who shall not fear and glorify thy name, O Lord? For thou
alone art holy. All nations shall come and worship thee,
for thy judgments have been revealed.” (Quite different
from some of the humanistic songs in our own song book that
are much more focused on man than on God!) Swete says that
the singers seem lost in the joy of being before God, and
in their praise they completely forget what they have been
through to attain this position ―
In the presence of God the martyrs forget themselves;
their thoughts are absorbed by new wonders that surround
them; the glory of God and the mighty scheme of things in
which their own sufferings form an infinitesimal part are
opening before them; they begin to see the great issue of
the world-drama, and we hear the doxology with which they
greet their first unclouded vision of God and his
works.
And we are reminded of a song we often sing — “Sing On,
Ye Joyful Pilgrims.” How does that song end? “My heart is
filled with rapture, My soul is lost in praise!”
Is Revelation all about heaven and the end of the world?
No. But does this book tell us a great deal about what
Heaven will be like? Absolutely. Some day we too will be
lost in the joy of being before God.
In verse 3, some translations have “king of the ages”
while others have “king of the nations.” The ancient
manuscripts are divided between the two, but “king of the
nations” seems to fit the context better. In any event,
Jesus is King of kings, which means he is the King of the
ages and the King of the nations.
• Jeremiah 10:7 Who would not fear thee, O King of
nations? for to thee doth it appertain: forasmuch as among
all the wise men of the nations, and in all their kingdoms,
there is none like unto thee.
• Psalm 86:9 All nations whom thou hast made shall come
and worship before thee, O Lord; and shall glorify thy
name.
The word translated “holy” in verse 4 could be
translated “sacred.” It refers to that which is religiously
right as opposed to that which is unrighteous or polluted.
God’s righteousness was about to become clear to all. Psalm
98:2 ― “The LORD hath made known his salvation: his
righteousness hath he openly shewed in the sight of the
heathen.”
5 After this I looked, and the temple of the tent of
witness in heaven was opened, 6 and out of the temple came
the seven angels with the seven plagues, robed in pure
bright linen, and their breasts girded with golden girdles.
7 And one of the four living creatures gave the seven
angels seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God who
lives for ever and ever; 8 and the temple was filled with
smoke from the glory of God and from his power, and no one
could enter the temple until the seven plagues of the seven
angels were ended.
What is the tent in verse 5? It is the tent of witness
(or the tent of testimony) that held the ark of the
covenant in the inner sanctuary of the temple. Only the
High Priest could enter this inner sanctuary where God
dwelt and then only once a year with the blood of an
innocent victim. The priest would carry a censer of incense
that billowed smoke to ensure that he did not see God. And
John sees this tent opened.
What comes out of the temple of the tent of witness? The
seven angels with the seven plagues. They come out of the
inner sanctuary. What that tells us is that the judgment
they are bringing is coming directly from God.
Back in 6:10 we saw that the coming judgment was a
divine judgment brought about by the prayers of God’s
people. That point is further emphasized here by what the
angels are wearing. They are pictured in priestly
clothing—bright linen and golden girdles. Such a girdle was
worn by a priest only when he was officiating on behalf of
the people. These angels dressed as priests come directly
from the presence of God to wage a holy war against
Rome.
We have already discussed the four living creatures in
4:6-8 who protect God’s reputation and demand punishment of
the ungodly. It is one of these living creatures who passes
out the bowls of wrath to the seven angels. The Greek word
used here for “bowl” occurs only in Revelation (where it
appears 12 times). It denotes a broad shallow vessel or a
deep saucer. It is similar to some of the bowls used in the
Old Testament for sacrifices and rituals.
What is the purpose of these seven bowls? The purpose of
the seven seals was to reveal. The purpose of the seven
trumpets was to warn. The purpose of the seven bowls is to
execute.
Why does verse 8 say that no one could enter the temple
until the bowls were completed? Because these events were a
manifestation of the glory of God upon which no one could
look.
We see something similar in 1 Kings 8:10–11 where, at
the dedication of the temple, the priests could not enter
the house of God because of a cloud of smoke. We are also
reminded of Leviticus 16:2 ―
And the Lord said to Moses, ‘Tell Aaron your brother not
to come at all times into the holy place within the veil,
before the mercy seat which is upon the ark, lest he die;
for I will appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat.’
The message from the Old Testament was that no one could
look upon the glory of God and live. God’s judgment of Rome
was likewise a manifestation of his glory.
There is another possible reason why we are told that no
man could come into the temple until the seven plagues of
the seven angels had been completed. That prohibition may
be a symbolic statement that no approach of man to God
could halt the coming judgment. The time for talk was
over.
Swete: “The divine judgments are impenetrable until they
are past; when the last plague has fulfilled its course,
the smoke will vanish, and the vision of God be seen.” Then
we will see clearly what is now obscured.
What’s next? Chapter 16 describes these seven bowls,
which depict a total and complete judgment against Rome.
The trumpets were intended to warn. The bowls are intended
to recompense.
That Christians are not to take vengeance on their
persecutors does not mean there will be no vengeance.
Vengeance is mine, saith the Lord!
Chapter Sixteen
1 Then I heard a loud voice from the temple telling the
seven angels, “Go and pour out on the earth the seven bowls
of the wrath of God.” 2 So the first angel went and poured
his bowl on the earth, and foul and evil sores came upon
the men who bore the mark of the beast and worshiped its
image.
Chapter 16 has been called a “vivid dramatization of the
fight God puts up from heaven in behalf of his church.”
No one to my knowledge has ever successfully assigned
definite meanings to each of the symbols in this chapter,
and neither will we. Milligan explains the situation well:
“No attempt to determine the special meaning of the objects
thus visited by the wrath of God — the land, the sea, the
rivers, the fountains of the waters, and the sun — has yet
been, or is ever likely to be, successful; and the general
effect alone appears to be important.” And, as will see,
the general effect is staggering.
Because 15:8 indicates that no one could enter the
temple until the judgment had ended some surmise that the
voice in verse 1 is the voice of God commanding the bowls
to be poured out.
The first bowl contains foul and evil sores that afflict
those who worship the image of the beast. This bowl
parallels the sixth plague against Egypt in Exodus 9:11.
The word used for “sore” in this chapter occurs elsewhere
only in Luke 16:21, where it denotes the sores on Lazarus
the beggar.
These comparisons with Egypt are here for a reason. They
remind the readers of how God dealt with past enemies of
his people. Everyone knows how the conflict with Egypt
ended, and the conflict with Rome will end the same way: A
total victory for God’s people.
There is a difference, though, right from the start
between these bowls and the plagues of Egypt or even the
seven trumpets. It was not until the sixth Egyptian plague
and the fifth trumpet that men were affected directly, but
men are affected directly starting with the very first bowl
of wrath.
Were the Romans literally afflicted with these sores?
No. (I know I keep asking that question and keep giving the
same answer, but many misguided commentators try to
literalize the symbols in this book, and by doing so they
miss the whole point of the book and destroy its beauty in
the process.) These bowls and the punishments they bring
are symbolic. Yes, the sores in Egypt were literal as was
the fire and brimstone in Sodom. But those sores and that
fire and brimstone afterward became symbols for those
earlier judgments. We have seen the language used that way
by the Old Testament prophets, and that is how the language
is being used here. If the sores in verse 2 are literal,
then what about the beast in verse 2? Is it a literal
beast?
With the first bowl, God uses a symbol that reminds the
reader of an Old Testament judgment against a great enemy
of his people.
3 The second angel poured his bowl into the sea, and it
became like the blood of a dead man, and every living thing
died that was in the sea.
The second bowl turns the sea into blood. Again we are
reminded of a past display of God’s wrath against Egypt.
Exodus 7:19 ―
And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy
rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt,
upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their
ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may
become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all
the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels
of stone.
We know the plague against Egypt was literal, but is
this plague also literal? No. The purpose of this symbol is
to remind us of that previous plague. It is intended to
remind us of how God dealt with Egypt.
Did all of the creatures in the sea literally die? No.
In fact, there is no reason we should take the “sea” to
refer to the literal ocean. Elsewhere in this book we have
seen “sea” used symbolically, and that is almost certainly
how it used here. The first beast arose from the sea, that
is from the unsettled and wicked nations of the world, and
that is most likely what is intended here as well. The
blood would denote, as one commentator described it, “the
utter putrefaction of a dead society,” or, as another said,
it is a “a revealing illustration of the true nature of the
spiritually dead.”
Hailey: “A society abandoned to idolatry and its
consequent morals, as was the Roman empire of John’s day,
is spiritually dead. In such a society, morals decline to
the lowest level; the family collapses, schools breed
anarchy and rebellion, business ethics are forgotten,
entertainment becomes base and sordid, and printing presses
exude smut and filth, until the whole is strangled in its
own death blood and suffocated by its own stench.”
In any event, this language in verse 3 is not to be
taken literally. Similar figurative language was used in
Zephaniah 1:2-4 to describe a judgment against Judah ―
“I will utterly sweep away everything from the face of
the earth,” says the Lord. “I will sweep away man and
beast; I will sweep away the birds of the air and the fish
of the sea. I will overthrow the wicked; I will cut off
mankind from the face of the earth,” says the Lord. “I will
stretch out my hand against Judah, and against all the
inhabitants of Jerusalem; and I will cut off from this
place the remnant of Baal and the name of the idolatrous
priests.”
Compare the description in Isaiah 13:19-22 of the fall
of Babylon ―
And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the splendor and
pride of the Chaldeans, will be like Sodom and Gomorrah
when God overthrew them. It will never be inhabited or
dwelt in for all generations; no Arab will pitch his tent
there, no shepherds will make their flocks lie down there.
But wild beasts will lie down there, and its houses will be
full of howling creatures; there ostriches will dwell, and
there satyrs will dance. Hyenas will cry in its towers, and
jackals in the pleasant palaces; its time is close at hand
and its days will not be prolonged.
Did that literally occur? No. History tells us that
Babylon fell without a shot. The priests opened the gates
and let Cyrus in after Belshazzar was assassinated.
But note that Isaiah said that Babylon would fall as
Sodom fell, that no one would ever live there again, and
that no one would ever pass through it again. None of that
was literally fulfilled. Alexander the Great headquartered
there. People live there today.
What then is meant by such language? Babylon, the
kingdom, would fall never to rise again. The language was
designed to instill terror and describe the wrath and
judgment of God against the ungodly. The language paints a
picture of God’s wrath against the ungodly. That was how
the language was used Zephaniah and Isaiah, and that is how
the language is being used here.
4 The third angel poured his bowl into the rivers and
the fountains of water, and they became blood. 5 And I
heard the angel of water say, “Just art thou in these thy
judgments, thou who art and wast, O Holy One. 6 For men
have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast
given them blood to drink. It is their due!” 7 And I heard
the altar cry, “Yea, Lord God the Almighty, true and just
are thy judgments!”
The second bowl turned the sea into blood. This third
bowl turns the fresh water into blood. Again, we are
reminded of God’s wrath against Egypt and the first plague,
which turned the Nile into blood.
Once again, is this literal? No. It is being used for
the same purpose as the previous bowl. But why do we have
two bowls that turn water into blood? One reason may be to
show that this plague is worse than what befell Egypt
because Exodus 7:24 tells us that the Egyptians could
obtain water by digging, but that does not seem to be the
case with this third bowl of wrath. Beyond that all we can
say is that the two plagues combine with the other five to
create a picture of utter devastation.
Does anyone teach that these passages should be taken
literally? Yes. Hal Lindsey, who has sold millions of books
on this subject, has the following to say about these
verses:
As if the bloodied sea wasn’t enough, the third angel
poured out his bowl of judgment into the rivers and springs
of waters, and they became blood also. It gets pretty grim
when there is no fresh water to drink anywhere on earth.
There’s going to be a big run on Coca-Cola, but even this
will give out after a while!
How ridiculous! How trivial! It is a crime when such a
beautiful book as Revelation is butchered by the likes of
Hal Lindsey! And why does he write such sensationalism?
Greed! It sells! I am reminded of 2 Corinthians 2:17 — “For
we are not, as so many, peddling the word of God.” There
were many then, and there are still many today.
The prophets in verse 6 are the New Testament prophets.
Notice the wonderful sarcasm and irony in that verse! The
Romans were blood thirsty so God gave them blood to drink.
They wanted blood so God gave them blood! He more than
quenched their thirst for blood. It reminds us of what God
said to Edom on Obadiah 15 ―
For the day of the LORD is near upon all the heathen: as
thou hast done, it shall be done unto thee: thy reward
shall return upon thine own head.
In verse 7, the altar cries out to declare the justice
of God. We have seen this altar before. Recall Revelation
6:9-10 ―
When he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the
souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and
for the witness they had borne; they cried out with a loud
voice, “O Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long before
thou wilt judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell
upon the earth?”
That cry for justice was what prompted this display of
God’s wrath, and that cry came from the martyrs gathered
under the altar. Those same martyrs voice their approval in
verse 7. Their prayers have been answered.
Finally, we should pause to consider the vast difference
between what the Romans had to drink and what Christians
had to drink.
• Isaiah 12:3 Therefore with joy shall ye draw water out
of the wells of salvation.
• John 4:14 But whosoever drinketh of the water that I
shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I
shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up
into everlasting life.
The Christians had a life-sustaining drink that was
utterly unknown to the pagans that surrounded them and that
were drowning in a sea of blood and filth.
8 The fourth angel poured his bowl on the sun, and it
was allowed to scorch men with fire; 9 men were scorched by
the fierce heat, and they cursed the name of God who had
power over these plagues, and they did not repent and give
him glory.
The fourth bowl causes the heat of the sun to intensify
and scorch men with fire. To a waterless world filled with
blood we now add the blazing sun. (This is starting to
sound like west Texas!) The source of light that was
created to guide and warm had instead been turned into an
instrument of pain. We are reminded of Psalm 104:4 ― “Who
maketh his angels spirits; his ministers a flaming fire.”
And we are reminded of Isaiah 47:13-14 ―
Thou art wearied in the multitude of thy counsels. Let
now the astrologers, the stargazers, the monthly
prognosticators, stand up, and save thee from these things
that shall come upon thee. Behold, they shall be as
stubble; the fire shall burn them; they shall not deliver
themselves from the power of the flame: there shall not be
a coal to warm at, nor fire to sit before it.
But once again the Romans are getting what they gave. We
should recall how Nero had used the burning bodies of
Christians. Tacitus wrote that the Christians “were covered
with wild beasts’ skins and torn to death by dogs; or they
were fastened on crosses, and, when daylight failed were
burned to serve as lamps by night.” The Romans wanted
blood, and so God gave them a river of it. They wanted
light, and so God gives turns up the heat of the sun.
We should also recall the beautiful description of God’s
people given in Revelation 7:16-17 ―
They shall hunger no more, neither thirst any more; the
sun shall not strike them, nor any scorching heat. For the
Lamb in the midst of the throne will be their shepherd, and
he will guide them to springs of living water; and God will
wipe away every tear from their eyes.
As we would expect, the condition of the ungodly is
being pictured as opposite that of the godly.
And note the response in verse 9 ― “they cursed the name
of God who had power over these plagues, and they did not
repent and give him glory.” We are reminded of Romans 1:21
― “Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not
as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their
imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened.” But
notice that the phrase “they did not repent” suggests that
even at this last stage, repentance was still an
option.
10 The fifth angel poured his bowl on the throne of the
beast, and its kingdom was in darkness; men gnawed their
tongues in anguish 11 and cursed the God of heaven for
their pain and sores, and did not repent of their
deeds.
The fifth bowl pours darkness on the throne of the beast
and its kingdom. The throne of the beast is Rome. This bowl
parallels the ninth plague against Egypt in Exodus 10:21 ―
“Then the Lord said to Moses, ‘Stretch out your hand toward
heaven that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, a
darkness to be felt.’” The darkness here can also be felt.
It causes men to gnaw their tongues in anguish.
This bowl may depict the moral darkness that we
discussed in Chapter 9 where, as you recall, smoke from the
bottomless pit darkened the sun and sky.
The Bible has much to say about darkness. In fact, the
first recorded words from God were “Let there by light!”
Spiritual darkness is often described as a judgment from
God, and darkness is pictured as the domain of Satan and
the opposite of the Christian walk.
• Psalm 69:23 Let their eyes be darkened, that they see
not.
• Isaiah 9:19 Through the wrath of the LORD of hosts is
the land darkened, and the people shall be as the fuel of
the fire.
• John 1:5 And the light shineth in darkness; and the
darkness comprehended it not.
• John 3:19 And this is the condemnation, that light is
come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than
light, because their deeds were evil.
• John 8:12 Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I
am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not
walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.
• Romans 1:21 Because that, when they knew God, they
glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became
vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was
darkened.
• 1 John 2:11 But he that hateth his brother is in
darkness, and walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither
he goeth, because that darkness hath blinded his eyes.
• Ephesians 6:12 For we wrestle not against flesh and
blood, but against principalities, against powers, against
the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual
wickedness in high places.
• Colossians 1:13 Who hath delivered us from the power
of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his
dear Son.
• 2 Corinthians 4:6 For God, who commanded the light to
shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give
the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face
of Jesus Christ.
• Romans 13:12 The night is far spent, the day is at
hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and
let us put on the armour of light.
It was through the work of Satan that this world was
plunged back into darkness, and it is through Christ that
the light shone once again in that darkness. In fact, both
the Old and New Testaments begin with God saying “Let there
be light!”
12 The sixth angel poured his bowl on the great river
Euphrates, and its water was dried up, to prepare the way
for the kings from the east.
The sixth bowl causes the water in the great river
Euphrates to dry up to prepare the way for kings from the
east. (By the way, if these bowls are describing literal
plagues, then where did this water come from?)
We should recall that the sixth trumpet also depicted
warfare as an instrument of God’s judgment. There in
9:13-19 we saw 200 million troops crossing the Euphrates
river to march against Rome. But the war of the sixth
trumpet was only a partial judgment — only a third were
killed. The war of the sixth trumpet was horrifying, but
how much worse must be the war of the sixth bowl!
Recall from our discussion in Chapter 9 that “Crossing
the Euphrates” was a vivid picture representing the threat
of military power. In the Old Testament, the Assyrians and
Babylonians crossed the Euphrates river to attack the Jews.
Rome feared an invasion from the Parthians across the
Euphrates. The Euphrates symbolized a barrier or a
deterrent to external invasion, and that barrier has now
been removed.
The drying up of the waters is a common sign of God’s
power. In Exodus 14:21, God showed his power by drying up
the Red Sea. In Joshua 3:17, God showed his power by drying
up the Jordan river. In Jeremiah 51:36, God threatened to
destroy Babylon by drying up her sea. In Zechariah 10:11,
God threatened to destroy Egypt by drying up the Nile.
Here, in Revelation 16, we see God drying up the Euphrates
river to allow his armies to advance upon Rome even more
easily than they did in Chapter 9. There will be nothing to
stop them or even slow the down.
Next Lesson
